Marriage systems of the Gikuyu and San Communities

Family begins with by two consenting grown-ups who decided to live under one rooftop for the remainder of their lives in marriage. In ages past relationships were not really around two consenting grown-ups but rather as guided by customs and conventions of a community.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Marriage frameworks of the Gikuyu and San Communities explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marriage is one of the mostâ prestigiousâ cultural occasions for young ladies in the San (!Kung)â communityâ as noted by Marjorie Shostak (147 †150). This social custom looks at to the entry ofâ ritualâ by young men, for example, the stylized first animalâ killingâ and commencement in this network. The choice to wed had a place with the guardians and not the young ladies. The new couple moved into a hovel arranged for endless supply of the parents’ exchange. The youthful spouse came toâ stayâ close to the girl’s guardians for as lon g he needs, a call he should satisfy in the early long periods of marriage. Along these lines, the girl’s guardians can demonstrate hisâ treatmentâ of their little girl and value his capacity toâ provideâ for and bolster the two his young family and theirs as well. Installment of share is certifiably not a noteworthy factor during marriage with the exception of the trading of endowments and different merriments. At the point when a young lady weds while still youthful, the spouse wouldâ waitâ long before engaging in sexual relations with her. An exasperated young lady could show forceful feelings against her marriage andâ raiseâ theâ endâ of the equivalent. The partition must be affirmed by the network. She canâ marryâ several men inâ trialâ until she at last develops and settles with one long haul accomplice. Among the Gikuyu, relationships started when a hopeful spouse visited his admirers property to have a discussion with her folks. The girl’s assent was the most basic factor for the association toâ takeâ off. Lady of the hour cost was an absolute necessity as families sired young ladies for riches creation (everyculture.com). The families must be enormous with the girlâ childâ a critical part of eachâ familyâ because they ensured progression of the network by youngster bearing and development of riches for the group. A few families remained together in one largeâ compoundâ unlike in the Sanâ communityâ where families remained alone. The young ladies made their residence. Conversation The fundamental contrasts between the Gikuyu and San relationships incorporated the installment ofâ bridalâ price. Wedding cost could be reviewed back when marriage is ended. In the San people group, there was no lady of the hour cost and the blessings given were not to be returned except if voluntarily by the girl’s guardians. The girl’s agree must be looked for of in the Gikuyu relationships dissimilar to among the San c lans.Advertising Looking for exposition on human sciences? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There were noâ trialâ marriages among the Gikuyu and ladies would notâ endâ their relationships. The couple once wedded would move to the husband’s family compound and not live in a cabin at the girl’s family compound. The young ladies in Gikuyu made their residences while in San people group, the parent’s of the young lady built the hovel where the new couple lived. End In both the Gikuyu and San people group, marriage assumes the urgent job in theâ communityâ propagation and structures a necessary piece of theâ community’s social life. Works Cited Shostak, Marjorie. Nisa: The Words and Life of a !Kung Woman. Incredible Britain: Biddles Ltd., 2000. Web. https://www.everyculture.com/wc/Japan-to-Mali/Gikuyu.html This paper on Marriage frameworks of the Gikuyu and San Communities was composed and put together by client Vivienne Hull to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

George Washington Essays (814 words) - George Washington, John Adams

George Washington George Washington George Washington was conceived on his dad's home in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732. He was the most seasoned child of a Virginia rancher, Augistine Washington , by his subsequent spouse, Mary Ball, The Washington family was slipped from two siblings, John and Lawrence Washington, who emigrated from Britain to Virginia in 1657. The family's ascent to unobtrusive riches in three ages was the consequence of consistent application to cultivating, land purchasing, and improvement of nearby ventures. George appeared to have gotten a large portion of his tutoring from his dad and, after the dad's passing in 1743, from his more seasoned stepbrother Lawrence. The kid delighted in science, and he applied it to obtaining an information on reviewing, which was an expertise incredibly sought after in a nation where individuals were looking for new grounds in the West. For the Virginians of that time the West implied the upper Ohio River valley. All through his life, George Washington kept up an unmistakable fascination for the advancement of these western lands, and now and again he purchased properties for himself. Under the conditions of the Constitution, the conventional political decision for the president was done by voters, who were all things considered called the Electoral College. Every voter was to vote in favor of the two people he considered generally qualified; the champ would be the president, what's more, the next in line would be the VP. The balloters themselves were picked January 7, 1789, by the immediate vote of the individuals in certain states, and by the lawmaking body in different states. The balloters met en each state on February 4 and consistently decided in favor of George Washington, who consequently became president. Their subsequent option, a long way from consistent, was John Adams of Massachusetts. This satisfied Washington since he had expected that the bad habit administration may ho to Governor George Clinton of New York, who supported intense change of the constitution. Washington, considering these changes hazardous, had permitted revision word to go out that votes in favor of Adams would be pleasant to him since he believed Adams to be a protected man and a solid supporter of the constitution. Additionally, Washington despite everything had a waiting expectation that, after kicking the administration wealthy, he may leave office and rush home to Mount Vernon. He was unable to accommodate this expectation with his heart except if a man he considered safe was next in line of progression. In the spring of 1790, Washington was struck by an extreme cold and afterward by flu. For a few days it was felt that George would not live. The disease and the nervousness it caused all through the nation underlined Washington's significance to the new country. Abigail Adams, spouse of the VP, composed: It appears to me that the association of the states and thus the permanency of the legislature depend under Provision upon his life. At this early day when neither our funds are organized nor our administration adequately established to guarantee span, his demise would ?have?the most lamentable outcomes. (page 322 Encyclopedia) Washington went to the initiation of President John Adams on March 4, 1797, and left Philadelphia two days after the fact for Mount Vernon. There he kept in touch with an old companion that he didn't expect to permit the political unrest of the nation to upset his ease. I will see things, he stated, in the light of mellow way of thinking. Be that as it may, he didn't generally consent to this determination. He emphatically restricted the Kentucky what's more, Virginia Resolutions of 1798, which where an endeavor to confine government controls in line with Jefferson's convictions. These goals appeared to Washington a recipe for the disintegration of the Union. In that year additionally, he acknowledged the ostensible order of the armed force should the undeclared antagonistic vibe with France form into open war. The last excursion of his life, in 1799, were to the military camp at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, and to Philadelphia to counsel on any issues. At an opportune time the morning of December 14, 1799, Washington got up with a kindled throat. His condition quickly deteriorated. He was additionally debilitated by clinical treatment that included successive phlebotomy. He confronted passing tranquilly and kicked the bucket at 11:30 later that night. In the national grieving that followed, numerous tributes were paid to Washington. President Adams call the most famous and dearest individual

The Invention of Our Discontent

The Invention of Our Discontent Let me tell you about the monster who rides on my shoulders. I cant see him, but I know he is there. I sense that he is covered in mauve shag-carpet, has overly goggly eyes, and a gaping black maw with a felt tongue inside. I also sense that his name is Howard, but I could be wrong. Howard is always on my back wherever I go, helpfully pointing out reasons I have to be unhappy and offering advice on things or experiences I could buy to make me happy again. I used to listen to Howard like a student at the feet of a trusted guru. Back in 2008 before I moved to Austin, Texas, I took out a small loan to consolidate all my credit card debt into one payment with the intention of immediately chopping up all my credit cards and never buying anything on credit again. Once I was in Austin though I started to feel sad and lonely. Howard told me I would feel happy again if I spent $1,500 on a Panasonic mini DV camera, a three-point light kit, and a boom mic. On credit, of course. I made a short film, and it wasnt very good. I was sad again. Howard told me what I really needed was an Appaloosa. So I pawned the brand new camera and bought a surly spotted horse who wasnt even broke to ride. I cant lie. Captain did bring me happiness for a while. He did stave off the loneliness. Buta hamster probably would have sufficed. Do you know how much it costs to feed a horse? By April 2010, I had to sell Captain just to pay the rent for one month. As I watched Captains new family drive off into the sunset with him, I started to wonder if Howard had ever really had my best interests at heart. I became more consciously aware of the things Howard was whispering in my ear. I started to think that maybe Howard was just making stuff up. Making up stuff for me to be unhappy about, and making up ludicrous, unrelated solutions for these perceived woes. Does any of this sound familiar? If youre a human being, then Im guessing it does. Howard is a member of a prolific, parasitic species which infects most of the Western World. The common name for this monstrous species is Discontentment. These monsters attach themselves to us very early in our lives. Even before we can speak, theyve begun spinning their lies in our ears. You dont have enough. You are not enough. You need to own more. Do more. Be more. Lets go shopping. Lets get wasted. Lets get laid. Youll be happy in the morning. I promise. Yet the promises never materialize. Whatever warm, fuzzy feelings you gain from the acquired object or experience fizzle out once the monster gets bored. The whispers start anew. Try something else. I bet a 62 inch TV would make you happy. But enough about how lousy Howard and his family make us feel. Lets talk about how to shut them up and shove them off our shoulders. Its easier than it feels. Heres why: Monsters dont exist. We cant be controlled by something that isnt even real. Thats just silly! Weve been conditioned to believe that Discontent is a natural human state, or even a necessary factor in human progress. This, I believe, is a manufactured lie to keep us in need of things we never actually needed. In our lives, we will experience discomfort. We will experience disasters. These are real and unavoidable parts of our existence. They teach us lessons and help us evolve, even when they hurt. Discontent is a different beast. It offers us nothing we can truly use. It is a false promise of fulfillment around the next corner. Then the next and the next and the next until we find ourselves standing on a ledge with no more corners to turn. But again, the good news: Its not real. Its not natural. It is not inevitable. You can debug your thought code. The concept of enough is built into the earth. She provides everything we need. You dont see discontent in the animal kingdom. Wild animals never take more than they need to survive. A healthy wolf that has just eaten will not kill again just because he can, just to prove how powerful or sexy or cool he is. If we would only follow in their footsteps, embrace the enough given to us by the earth, and accept that this is all we truly needâ€"food, water, freedom, companionshipâ€"then we have a standard against which to measure the lies of Discontentment being whispered in our ears, and we gain the sanity to recognize them for what they are. Then we can look Howard in the eye and say, I cant listen to you because you dont exist. We usually have to repeat this a few times in a few different situations before Howard gets the point. Sometimes the nonsense they tell us will just be too appealing to resist. We might experience a lapse. Dont be discouraged; this happens to all of us. Were fighting hundreds of years of conditioning to be unhappy with our lot in life. But we can overcome it. With enough time and practice, we can wake up one day with a lightness on our shoulders we didnt know could exist. Howard has left the building. We can roll our shoulders, let out a big sigh of relief, look around at our lives and say, Enough. Chase Nights new book  is  Chicken. Follow him  on Twitter.

A Reflection On Substance Abuse - 858 Words

One of the main things that I found in gestalt therapy is the approach to live in the present moment. Learning how to live in the present moment in not always an easy thing to do. I have got caught up in my past with things that I have done, people I have hurt, and the self-pity that goes along with living the life of an addict. I know many people that have never been able to leave this place in their life, and never able to live in the present moment. According to Corey, â€Å"power is in the present† (2013, p. 215). The ability to live in the present moment is a continual dialogue inside of reminding myself to snap back to reality. I can honestly say I have this talk with myself quite often. I wasted so many years on my past, and wasted time with my children. Even though I may have been there physically at times, I was not there mentally in those moments. I can say substance abuse has ruled my every thought of my past, present and future. Since my sobriety, living in the present moment and developing a greater self-awareness is something I have been learning and discovering along the way. The present moment is a wonderful place to live, when you can. Of course, I get busy and forget about the present moment like anybody else. It takes some work to keep your mind in the present. It is not like the past or the future where your mind wanders off to. You have to make a conscious effort to stay living in today. Living in the future is what I am having challenges withShow MoreRelatedA Reflection On Substance Abuse Essay1113 Words   |  5 PagesMy reflection paper is on the subject of substance abuse. As the structure of society changes, the acceptability of one drug or another changes. I have dealt with my own experiences of substance abuse personally and through family and friends throughout my community. I believe there are many underlying problems Native people face today that lead to substance abuse. 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Despite the Nationwide crisis and epidemic of 23 million individuals using, misusing and abusing substances West Virginia is currently unable to say that they are safe and that they have not been affected by this epidemic (Carpenter, Mcclellan, Rees, 2016). All types of drugs ranging from medication prescribed substances to street drugs have been reported in just about all areas ofRead MoreMotivational Interviewing as a Treatment for Substance Abuse1668 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Motivational Interviewing as a Treatment for Substance Abuse Introduction Motivational interviewing is an evidenced-based counseling approach that health care providers can use to help patients adhere to treatment recommendations. It emphasizes using a directive, patient-centered style of interaction to promote behavioral change by helping patients explore and resolve ambivalence (Levensky et al., 2007). 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Treatment for anorexia nervosa involve restoring their health, after that is done therapy is highly recommended. The therapy can help the person maintain a healthy life and make sure old habits don’t return. A severe patient with a case of anorexiaRead MoreThe Ethical Principles Of Impaired Nurses918 Words   |  4 Pageswho are abusing substance typically can’t follow these for ethical principles to the best of their ability because they are too focused on themselves. As mentioned in the article Substance Abuse among Nurses, nurses who are abusing substances are not able to complete tasks and function as a typical nurse would (Talbert, J. J. 2009). These types of nurses a re not able to apply the four ethical principles to their everyday work environment because they are too focused on the substances they need. TheseRead MoreUnderstanding And Abolishing Spiritual Stereotypes967 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding and Abolishing Spiritual Stereotypes Substance abuse providers that believe spirituality and religion is one in the same, may hold the belief that an individual that is an atheist or agnostic will not have the opportunity to acquire spiritual opportunities when participating in alcohol and addiction programs (Sussman et al., 2013). In addition, these substance abuse providers may believe that when an individual that eliminates alcohol and drug abuse without the intervention of spiritual assistanceRead MoreThe Importance Of Group Therapy1241 Words   |  5 Pagesform, the group therapist must have therapeutic skills that helps them connect with their clients. Carl Rogers theorized that therapist possess certain skills that would help them connect with their clients; i.e., being genuine, active listening, reflection of feelings, immediacy, and appropriate self-disclosure (Capuzzi Gross, 2011). These therapeutic skills are crucial in building the trust and alliances with clients. Group therapist need to be ‘for real’ in their approach to group. If the therapist

Parenting Styles Have A Big Impact On The Development And...

There has always been debate about the different parenting styles that exist and how they affect the development and outcome of a child. How a child is raised and treated as they are brought up has a lot to do with the kind of person they will be later in life. Therefore, it can have either a positive, negative, or even both positive and negative effects on a child as they are growing up. Certain factors of parenting play a big role such as how the parent use discipline, warmth and nurture, communication, and their expectations of maturity and control. In other words, parenting styles have a big impact on the child’s future. Likewise, how a child is taught and the learning style they learn best from has a lot to do with how they are able to take in information, which is similar to how different parenting styles affect their children development and as an adult later in life. The most well-known parenting styles that exist consist of authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, an d uninvolved. There are pros and cons to each of them, but in the end it’s important to have mixture of good principles to ensure good parenting and positive child development. This is because it is believed that childhood is a critical period for development that will last throughout a lifetime by providing the child with the proper skills, resources, and developmental qualities that will carried on throughout adulthood and the rest of their lives. Therefore, the kind of parenting style is one of theShow MoreRelatedThe Authoritarian Style Of Parenting Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch, analyzing child-parent behavior, seeking to identify parenting styles. The Baumrid study and other further studies identified four main styles of parenting (Miller, 2010): the authoritative parenting style was characterized by fair rules and consequences; The Authoritarian parenting style was characterized by strict rules and harsh punishment; the permissive parenting style was charact erized by minimal rules with little or no consequences; the uninvolved parenting style was characterizedRead MoreImportance Of Parenting Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Parenting Styles There are many different types of parenting styles in the world today. The way one chooses to raise their children, can play a very big role in a child’s behavior and success within the future. In 1967, a woman named Diana Baumrind contributed to the knowledge in socioemotional development by studying and researching parenting styles. She originally stated that there are four types of parenting styles; authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and neglectful. EachRead MoreParenting Styles Have A Huge Impact On The Developmental Process Of Children1522 Words   |  7 PagesParenting styles have a huge impact on the developmental process of children. In this paper I will be explore the four different parenting styles that Baurmrind came up with. Behavioral and social scientists recognize a group of basic categories in parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglectful (Baumrind, 1966; Maccoby and Martin, 1983). Authoritarian parents have very high expectations for their children. According to Baumrind, these parents are obedience- and status-orientedRead MoreObservation On The Living Room Dimensions1089 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Name of the child: CJ Age: 2yrs and 10months (34 months) Date of observation: 6/26/2016 Time of observation: 3.10pm to 5.10pm Context: Observation took place in their home. The living room dimension is approximately 16 x 20 feet, giving enough room for movement. On entering the living room, on the east corner is a 50-inch television and to the west is the dining set. This room is furnished with tan leather couches, center table and red rug over the bare floor. On the walls are familyRead MoreAlcohol And Substance Abuse : An Individual Behavior That Reflects Underlying Dysfunction921 Words   |  4 Pagesof parenting has been linked to psychological well-being, stress and social support. It was also found to be a predictor of antisocial behaviors and substance abuse (Velleman, Templeton Copello, 2005). A child s family is responsible for the socialization process. It is important that the family helps the child socialize in a way that helps them adjust to the demands and possibilities of their environment and social circle. However, if the family does not succeed in this task, it can have a negativeRead M oreParenting and Education During Early Childhood Essay example2060 Words   |  9 PagesParenting and Education during early childhood Psy/280 Jan 4, 2012 Tra Ahia Parenting and Education during early childhood This paper will discuss various forms of caregivers, parenting styles, and early childhood education. Topics covered are: †¢ Evaluate the different types of parenting styles and their influence on development during infancy and early childhood. †¢ Compare and contrast at least two different kinds of caregivers and the positive and/or negativeRead MoreParenting Styles And The Parenting Style Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Parenting style used by caregivers plays an important role in the child’s development and learning, specifically social emotional learning. Parents play a big role in their child’s academic achievement, especially depending on the parenting style use. The parenting style where the parents are involved and monitor their children is related to academic achievement and educational accomplishment (Spera, 2005). Parenting styles comprise of two dimensions, demandingness and responsivenessRead MoreMy Point Of View Attachment Theory1033 Words   |  5 Pageslasting, secure and positive bond between a child and a caregiver, a reciprocal relationship. John Bowlby who used his knowledge in developmental psychology, psychoanalysis, ethology, and data processing to base his principle of the theory developed attachment theory. John Bowlby believed that attachment theory was on of the four essential behavioral systems necessary for the evolution and survival of humans. Mary Ainsworth, psychologist, who made a big impact on Bowlby s attachment theory. She hadRead MoreStudent Motivation and its Effects on Student Achievement Essay2147 Words   |  9 Pagesachievement. This paper will focus on what motivation means, how to get students motivated, and the impact of motivation on student attitude both inside and outside the classroom. Also, the paper will address the place of the parent as role model an d the impact of their involvement on their children’s education. Student Motivation and its Effects on Student Achievement Every child has the capability to be a great learner or student and that capacity is present at every stageRead Moreeffect of parenting style on the academic development of children6694 Words   |  27 Pagesor mother of a person. It also went on to disclose its view on parenting as the skill or activity of looking after your own children. Davies (2000) opined that parenting (or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional social and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting style is a psychological contrast representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing (stantrock, 2007). There are many differing theories and

Katie And Joe Play Free Essays

Is she the reason your grades are so low? Katie: NO it isn’t about her. [Joey’s phone beeps. ] Joe: Did you go to Dry. We will write a custom essay sample on Katie And Joe Play or any similar topic only for you Order Now Phil yesterday by any chance? [Joe walks over to the other side of the room picks up a charger and walks towards the small round table where there was an outlet and plugs in the charger and puts his phone on the table. ] Katie: Yeah.. ; [Pause] Joe: What did you guys talk about? Katie: Doesn’t matter. [Joe frowns] Joe: You know you can tell me anything, right? Katie: That’s Beethoven me and Dry. Phil. [Long pause] We just talked about mom, again. Joe: Oh, I see. [Joe walks over and sits beside Katie] Katie: Mom is coming back, right? Joe: Sweetie, Janice†¦ I mean your mother, she’s gone†¦ She’s not coming back. [Katie starts tearing] Joe: Katie [Long Pause] are you- Katie: I’m fine! [Joe walks to the stand across the room that held napkins and walks back with the napkin at hand] Joe: Oh my god, Kate! [Katie is sobbing and takes the cushion from the sofa and buries her face in it. Joe runs to the sofa and sits down] Joe: It’s going to be okay, you don’t have to cry anymore. Katie cries harder. Joe lets Katie cry for a while and let it all out] Joe: It’s going to be alright sweetie. Here wipe your face with this. [Joe held his hand out with the napkin still at his hand] Katie: Just leave me alone! [Katie pushes his hand out the way, the napkin flies across the room] Joe: Katie! [Katie gets up, the cushion falls. Katie tries to run out the room, Katie trips over the cushion and tries to get up, Joe tries to help. ] Katie: I said, leave me alone! [Small pause] I said I’m fine. [Joe stands back and watches Katie limp UT the room. Joe walks over to the other side of the room where his cellophane lied on the table. Joe takes out the plug and picks his phone up and dials a number. The phone rings, no one picks up. Joe walks to the bookshelf still holding onto his phone and picks up a photo album and sits down on the sofa. Joe flips through pages, slowly feeling depressed. Joe receives a phone call, he picks it up. ] Joe: Hello. Mike: Hey, you called earlier? Joe: Yeah, you busy? Mike: No why? Joe: Can you come over? Really need to talk to you. How to cite Katie And Joe Play, Papers

Restaurant Management free essay sample

Staff developing is vital for restaurants to run smoothly. A restaurant is composed of two sectors; a Front of House (FOH) and theirs a Back of House (BOH). The front of the house is what is visible to the customers? eye. Customers can not see the back of the house. Back of the house is where cooks prepare the food and where the dishwasher is located. Manager Brian Aycock explained that if a manager develops his staff, it makes the restaurant run smooth. The store will profit, the employees and the guest will be satisfied (Aycock). If the staff is not getting along, a lot of tension will grow inside the restaurant and co-workers will not work with one another as a team. In return the customers will not be happy and the profit will not be as desirable. When customers are not happy with the visit they had at the restaurant, they will then spread the word to all their friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Restaurant Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each staff member of the restaurant should have nice and clean hygien

ESRM 100 Test 1 Essay Example

ESRM 100 Test 1 Paper How much has the population increased in the last 35 years? from 2.5 to 6.6 billion(more than doubled) Sustainability Use it, but dont use it up Carrying Capacity Maximum number of individuals of a species that can be sustained by a population by an environment over a long term Gaia Hypothesis global environment has been profoundly changed by life throughout the history of life on Earth, and that these changes have improved the chances that life on Earth will continue Principle of Environmental Unity Everything affects everything else Environmental Science Group of sciences that explain how life on earth is sustained, what leads to environmental problems, and how theyre solved. Ulitarian Justification Ecological Justification Aesthetic Justification Moral Justification 1 Economic/Survival 2 Value larger life suport functions of the environment We will write a custom essay sample on ESRM 100 Test 1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ESRM 100 Test 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ESRM 100 Test 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 3 Beauty 4 Ones view of right and wrong System Set of parts that function together to act as a whole Things we need to understand to effectively manage natural systems Types of disturbances and changes that are likely to occur The time period which changes occur The importance of each change to the long-term productivity of the system Biota Biosphere 1)All living things within a given area 2)Region of earth where life exists Ecosystem A community of organisms and their local nonliving environment in which matter cycles and energy flows Ecological footprint the total area each person requires based on the resources used and the waste produced We may be consuming about 20% more of Earths biological productivity than is replaced each year Age structure proportion of the population in each age group Limiting factors to population growthshort-term intermediate termlong term 1) drought, energy supply, disease 2)desertification, pollutants,disruption of supply of unrenewable resources3) soil erosion, climate change, ground water Ways to create zero population growth Raising the first childbearing agesocial pressures to delay marriagebirth control and family planning Factors affecting carrying capacity food supplyland and soul resourcesWater resourcesPopulation densityTechnology Biochemical Cycle complete path a chemical takes through the earths four major reservoirs What are the earths four major reservoirs? atmospherehydrospherelithosphere(rocks and soils)biosphere(plants and animals) Flux amount that moves between sinks and sources How many elements are required for life? 24 Geological cycle Formation and change of Earths materials through physical,chemical and biological processes Consists of four sub-cycles -tectonic, hydrologic, rock, biogeochemical How much do plates move a year 1-12 inches a year What leads to plate movements? convection currents in earths mantle Tectonic subduction one plate being pulled under another Where is the earths water? 97% in the oceans, 2% in glaciers, 1% as landwater or atmosphere Drainage basin area contributing runoff to a stream or river How much of the earths water is freshwater? 2.4% What % of the earths atmosphere is nitrogen 80% Nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen to ammonia/nitrate Types of symbionts obligate symbionts absolutely necessaryfacultative symbionts helpful but not essential habitatniche habitat where it livesniche what it does for a living oldest fossils 3.5 billion years old ecosystem individuals of various species and their nonliving environment Ecosystems have 3 fundamentals characteristics structure(living and non living), proccesses and change gross production producing organic matter within the body net production storing some of the newly produced organic matter for future use what % of the land surface is occupied by agriculture 12% Biological diversity wealth of species that live on earth What four processes lead to evolution mutation, genetic drift, natural selection, migration Gene chemical information for a single characteristic genotype genetic makeup of an invidual or group Divergent Evolution single species evolving into two Ways in which extinction is caused hunting/harvestingdisrupting/destroying habitatsintroducing exotic speciespollution primary successionsecondary succession 1) initial establishment and development of an ecosystem where one did not exist2)reestablishment of an ecosystem following disturbances

Free Essays on Operation Vittles

In June 1948 Soviets authorities halted all entrances or exits to the western-controlled section of Berlin by land and by water. A 20 mile-wide air corridor across the Russian zone of Germany was the only remaining access route into the city. For the next eleven months the Western Allies supplied West Berliners with the necessities of life. The unofficial name given to the operation was Operation Vittles and it began on June 26. 4,500 tons of food, coal, and other material needed for daily maintainence of a minimum level of existence was fulfilled with only 80 tons carried by USAF C-47s on June 26. However, this force was quickly increased by the aid of U.S. Navy and Royal Air Force cargo aircraft. On October 15, 1948 a unified command known as the Combined Airlift Task Force under Maj. Gen. William H. Tunner, USAF was created to promote increased safety and cooperation between the separate U.S. and British airlift efforts. Three SAC bomb groups were sent to Europe placing Soviet targets within B-29 range. Three airfields were used within Berlin consisting of Tempelhof in the U.S. sector, Gatow in the British sector, and Tegel within the French sector. As of September 1948, the unloading of C-47s at Tempelhof was the most predominating form of the airlift until it was replaced by the C-54s which was capable of hauling ten tons. A cross-sectional view of flight into Berlin was arranged simultaneously which allowed the landing at the rate of one plane every 3 minutes; this was later improved to two levels which still maintained the same landing rate. Airlift pilots flew under an extremely rigid system of traffic control which required each pilot to fly an exact route at predetermined speed as well as altitude in order to make a successful landing or otherwise return to its base in West Germany. At midnight on May 12, 1949, the Soviets reopened the land and water routes into Berlin. However, the airlift progressed until September 3... Free Essays on Operation Vittles Free Essays on Operation Vittles In June 1948 Soviets authorities halted all entrances or exits to the western-controlled section of Berlin by land and by water. A 20 mile-wide air corridor across the Russian zone of Germany was the only remaining access route into the city. For the next eleven months the Western Allies supplied West Berliners with the necessities of life. The unofficial name given to the operation was Operation Vittles and it began on June 26. 4,500 tons of food, coal, and other material needed for daily maintainence of a minimum level of existence was fulfilled with only 80 tons carried by USAF C-47s on June 26. However, this force was quickly increased by the aid of U.S. Navy and Royal Air Force cargo aircraft. On October 15, 1948 a unified command known as the Combined Airlift Task Force under Maj. Gen. William H. Tunner, USAF was created to promote increased safety and cooperation between the separate U.S. and British airlift efforts. Three SAC bomb groups were sent to Europe placing Soviet targets within B-29 range. Three airfields were used within Berlin consisting of Tempelhof in the U.S. sector, Gatow in the British sector, and Tegel within the French sector. As of September 1948, the unloading of C-47s at Tempelhof was the most predominating form of the airlift until it was replaced by the C-54s which was capable of hauling ten tons. A cross-sectional view of flight into Berlin was arranged simultaneously which allowed the landing at the rate of one plane every 3 minutes; this was later improved to two levels which still maintained the same landing rate. Airlift pilots flew under an extremely rigid system of traffic control which required each pilot to fly an exact route at predetermined speed as well as altitude in order to make a successful landing or otherwise return to its base in West Germany. At midnight on May 12, 1949, the Soviets reopened the land and water routes into Berlin. However, the airlift progressed until September 3...

KFC topic and marketing yes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

KFC topic and marketing yes - Essay Example limited products, though unique, KFC has been impacted by fierce competition from competitors like McDonald’s, Wendy’s and Burger King among others. A close analysis of the case study draws to the conclusion that there is need for KFC to diversify its products while attempting to retain its uniqueness in order to remain viable in the long run. In the early 1950s, Harland Sanders embarked on a franchising strategy which saw KFC rapidly growing in America to become one of the most recognizable brands. Having been taken public and listed on the New York Stock Exchange, KFC grew a strong foothold in the United States which prompted it to venture into international markets. Thus, the major motive behind PepsiCo’s acquisition followed a strong belief that the restaurant industry complemented their business of soft drinks and snacks. It was believed that restaurants increased the number of outlets to sell soft drinks and this would also increase the organisation’s popularity. Given that KFC was an already established business entity in the market, PepsiCo sought to capitalise on this through an acquisition which would sort of transfer all the loyal customers from KFC to them. PepsiCo believed that it could take advantage of the numerous synergies available for operating different businesses under one umbrella name. Management skills could be transferred among three businesses. The company had earlier own acquired Pizza Hut and Taco Bell which were leaders in pizza and Mexican categories which could create a synergy with the chicken brand. These synergies were hoped to create competitive advantage for PepsiCo since it would be operating different lucrative businesses which will help it gain more market shares. It can be seen from the case study that the fast food industry is characterised by stiff competition from other rival competitors. Reynolds and Lancaster (1999) suggest that Porter’s Five Forces Model is an ideal business strategy that is used to analyse

Final assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final - Assignment Example Project management is a crucial part of organizational management that ensures the accomplishment of a series of organizational objectives within stipulated timeframes and budgets. Project management enables organizations to successfully pursue competitive strategies in their bid to achieve the desired organizational performance. Unlike conventional approaches, current literature acknowledges project management as a vital business process (Jamieson & Morris, 2004). This paper explores the significant principles of project management and how to use project management as a discipline to successfully achieve organizational objectives. Project Life-Cycle Management and the Benefits of Project Management to an Organization Project Life-Cycle Management Successful projects and campaigns usually rely on quality research, proper and careful planning, insights and regular adjustments on the basis of feedback. Project management life cycle basically has four interrelated phases (Gido & Clement s, 2012). For instance, in a packaged water project that I was involved in some time back, the project was divided into four phases: initiation, planning, execution and conclusion or closure. The figure below represents phases of project management life-cycle. ... It is essential top conduct a review in order to establish the viability of the project during the initiation phase. This will help in determining the likelihood of achieving the desired deliverables of the project. Also, a proper project team must be created that will ensure the accomplishment of every project task within the right timeframe. The creation of project office will set clear all the tasks that are supposed to be executed for successful completion of the project. The project charter is crucial for identification of the vision and objectives of the project, scope, project deliverables and overall implementation strategy among others. Finally, there is need to review the overall performance of the initiation phase so that any deviation can be rectified before it is late (Gido & Clements, 2012). Planning Phase This entails the development of schedules, strategies and necessary tools for implementation. This is where project plan is created. The organization develops plans f or resource acquisition and use, financial, risk, quality, acceptance and communication. The organization uses project team to accomplish the tasks involved in this project management phase. Execution Phase This phase focuses on building project deliverables. It entails transforming organizational needs into actionable objects. The project team designs and develops the planned solution and authenticates the solution in accordance with organizational requirements. This phase also involves monitoring and control, which entails time management, cost management, quality control, risk management and procurement among others. Closure Phase This is the final phase of project life-cycle. It

Strategies of Patient Assessment in Nursing

Strategies of Patient Assessment in Nursing Introduction to Nursing Care The purpose of this assignment is to describe how a nurse assesses a patient admitted to a hospital ward. It will discuss the history of the patient, any pre-existing medical conditions and the reason they were admitted to the ward. It will also describe the hospital setting, the nursing model used, the risk assessment tools and the information collected from the assessment including the needs identified and what can be and will be done. For the purpose of this assignment the patient, healthcare professionals and the trust must remain anonymous, and will be referred to by pseudonyms. This is in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) code, where it clearly states you must respect peoples right to confidentiality (NMC Code, 2008). The patient receiving assessment and care will be referred to as Mrs Ethel Morris. Mrs Ethel Morris was admitted to an orthopaedic trauma ward within the North West. Orthopaedics is the correcting of deformities to the skeletal joints and bones, which have been caused by damage or disease (McFerran, 2008). The ward consisted of many staff, including, nurses, health care assistants, a house officer, medical consultants and physiotherapists. It had three bays, 2 being female, with 8 beds in each and one ten bedded male bay. Also, there were 4 side rooms for patients that needed to be isolated. This was an acute setting with various Orthopaedic conditions, including fractures of all types. The ward admits patients twenty-four hours a day from Accident and Emergency (AE) and transfers from other hospitals. Many of the patients admitted have pre-existing medical conditions, which have to be taken into account alongside their fractures. Ethel was an 82-year-old lady who had fallen whilst she was out shopping with her daughter. She usually walked with a walking stick to aid her balance, but with a previous history of dementia she had forgotten it. Dementia is a progressive deterioration of the brain, caused by structural and chemical changes within the brain. Symptoms include, memory loss, disorientation and changes in personality (Ouldred, 2007). Ethels friend had called an ambulance immediately after the fall, and she was admitted to the ward through accident and emergency. Ethels fall had resulted in a fracture to the neck of femur in her left leg. Marieb (1998) states that the femur is the strongest and largest bone in the body. It consists of a ball, which is known as the head of the femur, which is carried on the neck of femur to the long bone. The neck is the weakest part of the femur. Elderly people are more at risk of falls as their muscles become weaker they become less flexible. This then interferes with their movement and balance, they become more inactive and this increases the risk of falls. (Skelton et al, 1999) Ethel also has osteoporosis, which may have contributed to her fracture. Liscum (1992) states this is the formation of the bone having decreased. Elderly women suffering from osteoporosis, who subsequently sustain a fractured neck of femur, face a fifty percent chance of not walking again. Ethel appeared confused when she arrived on the ward, not knowing how she had come to be in hospital, apart from being aware of the pain and discomfort she was suffering with her hip. The nursing staff reminded Ethel what had happened and checked her drug kardex immediately for pain relief. The doctor who had seen Ethel in AE had written her up for 5ml of oromorph every three hours to control the pain. As oromorph is a controlled drug the nurse checked the dosage with another registered nurse and give it to Ethel orally. Once Ethel was comfortable, the nurse in charge of the bay began the nursing assessment. An assessment is the collection of information from an individual, to establish their needs and develop a clear prospective of their situation. The nursing process relies upon complete and thorough assessments to be a success. A key nursing skill is observing a patient, using all five senses, from listening to gain information, to touching them, assessing their temperature and the condition of their skin (Brooker and Waugh, 2007) Holland et al (2008) also states that an assessment identifies the priority amongst the problems. Data can be collected in a number of different ways, from observing a patient, communicating with them and through their clinical notes. Collection of information can also be made through a secondary source (a relative), if, for example, the primary source (the patient) was unconscious. A named nurse approach was used on the ward; this provides individualised care for the patient from admission to the point of discharge. Named nursing has been developed from primary nursing and is very closely connected to team nursing. (Dawe, 2008) The ward follows a philosophy of care to meet individual needs. Providing patient centred care, meeting individual needs whilst respecting their privacy, dignity, religious and cultural beliefs. They strive to provide high quality care and aim to maximise the potential of individuals to adapt and cope with their conditions. The wards philosophy reflects the National Service Frameworks (NSFs) quality of care. NSFs are in place to improve care in twelve specific areas, including blood pressure, diabetes and mental health. The standards have been implemented nationally and they have all been set certain time scales. (Department of Health (DOH), 2008) The ward uses most of the NSFs depending on which patient they are dealing with. In Ethels case the main ones being blood pressure and older people, which has eight different standards of its own. The nurse firstly recorded Ethels clinical observations, and her saturations appeared to be very low at only 89%. Oxygen saturations are monitored through an electronic device called a pulse oximeter. This reads the oxygen levels of haemoglobin in the arteries and is updated with each pulse (Jevon, 2000). The nurse immediately put her on four litres of oxygen through a nose cannula. A Nose cannula is two small plastic tubes that are inserted into each nostril to administer oxygen. This allows room air to be breathed in at the same time and is secured by tubing over the ears, which fits onto the oxygen cylinder (Brooker and Waugh, 2007). The nurse carried out Ethels assessment by her bedside with the curtains drawn to respect her privacy. As Ethel had dementia her daughter was present for the assessment, to confirm details and help with the process. Barrett et al (2009) states that nurses who carry out disorganized, incomplete assessments, may fail to notice a major concern, or recognize an underlying problem. Nursing models are used in the assessment process in most care settings. They are in place to establish the information that is required, ways it can be gathered for the best results, and the detail that is likely to be more helpful. (Aggleton and Chalmers, 2000) Roper et al (2000) says that models are used to help organize thinking by creating theory. They are global views that have been summarised into systems. There are many different Nursing Models used in clinical settings from Orems self care model to Hendersons model of nursing. Nursing models are used to provide a distinctive framework, to highlight what the patients needs are (Fawcett, 1989). The nursing model used on this ward was Roper Logan and Tierney, Activities of living model. Roper et al (1996) activities of living consists of twelve activities that ensure survival, these are, maintaining a safe environment, communicating, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling of body temperature, mobilising, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping and dying. These activities are all as important as each other and one cannot be done without another. The impact of illness will affect more than one of these activities. Roper et al (2000) activities of living was first written in 1980 for nursing practice to be introduced to students. At this time there were five concepts in the model that included activities of living, lifespan and individuality in living. The model became the United Kingdoms most popular model and was also widely used throughout Europe. The nurse used a number of risk assessment tools when assessing Ethel. These were, the malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST), waterlow score, falls risk assessment score for the elderly (FRASE) and the Abbey pain scale. The MUST tool is a nutritional screening tool that recognises over nutrition (obesity) and under nutrition (BAPEN, 2008). The MUST tool was developed so nutritional care would improve in all care settings, by the malnutrition advisory group (MAG) of BAPEN. This tool can be applied to all adult patients, even those who are bed bound (BAPEN, 2008). As a result of the MUST screening tool, Ethel was commenced on a fluid balance chart. This measures the quantity of liquid intake, including Intravenous (IV) fluids and drinks, against the total urine output. Also to be monitored was Ethels food intake, this was to be done on a food chart. This needed updating after every mealtime to show how much was being eaten at different times. The waterlow score is to determine whether a patient is at risk of developing a pressure ulcer (Waterlow, 2005). This tool uses a scoring system, based on patients data. The categories include skin type, age, and continence. (Thompson, 2005) Ethels score was sixteen and she was at high-risk of pressure sores, this was due to her age and mobility. Waterlow (2005) first designed this tool for students use in 1985. It is the most frequent risk assessment tool in the United Kingdom (UK), and is used throughout hospitals, nursing homes and within the community. Pressure ulcers are most common in people with bony surfaces, thin skin and an unhealthy diet. Ethel was found to be a high risk of developing a pressure sore, as she was immobile and had tissue paper skin. The nurse commenced her on a turns chart so she would be rolled or moved every three hours to check and relieve her pressure areas. Also a pressure-relieving mattress was ordered for Ethel, this alternates the body areas under pressure by rotating the air throughout the mattress. (Collins, 2004) The FRASE assessment tool is to assess if a patient is at risk of a fall, taking into account their history and their current state. (Bolton NHS, 2003) Connard developed a fall risk assessment for the elderly in 1996; this was then adapted into a hybrid tool, known as the FRASE tool. It is in similar context to the waterlow score as they both use a points scale to assess the patients level of vulnerability (Kinn and Hood, 2001) The nurse carrying out the assessment began Ethel on a falls care plan, as she was at high-risk from having another fall. A member of staff was to update the care plan each day, noting any unsteadiness or falls. This was going to play a greater part after Ethels operation, as for the time being she was bed bound. The Abbey pain scale was developed in Australia to assess patients pain levels. It was used for individuals who had trouble communicating effectively and who suffered from dementia (Turner-stokes and Higgins, 2007). Abbey (2004) researched and developed the abbey pain scale between 1997 and 2002, and wanted it to be a straightforward and effective tool, used by all health care staff. It consisted of six scales to measure pain including physiological changes to changes in body language. Ethels score was seven and her pain level was acute to chronic during the assessment. The nurse had previously administered 5ml of Oromorph, and because of this the abbey scale was to be updated every hour to monitor the success of the pain relief. During the assessment the nurse collected various information from Ethel, including objective and subjective data. Newson (2008) states that objective data is information collected that can be measured such as temperature and blood pressure. The MUST tool was used to measure Ethels weight, and other observations were recorded, including blood pressure which was 142 systolic and pulse of 84; these were all in satisfactory limits. Any data collected outside the normal range would have been given an early warning score. A doctor and the outreach team need informing if a score totals three or above (Baines and Kanagasundaram, 2008). Also collected was Ethels details that included her, address, date of birth, and her medical history. This can be obtained through medical notes. as original records cannot be tampered with and all records made must be clear and accurate (NMC Code, 2008). Subjective data is information that cannot be measured, for example, information that the patient has given about him or herself, or the nurses insight on the patient (Newson, 2008). The nurse asked Ethel questions to gain this information, if she felt nauseas, or in pain and how she felt about what had happened. Also observed was Ethels behaviour to see if she was agitated or frightened, closed body language showed she was as her arms were wrapped around herself. The nurse also looked at and noted the condition of her skin, nails and hair. Due to Ethels dementia she didnt understand very much of what was going on and didnt know how she had ended up on a hospital ward. Short-term memory is affected alongside some long-term memory loss. This affects the ability to communicate with people and can result in the patient asking the same question repeatedly (LEHR, 2006). The nurse had to keep reassuring Ethel about what had happened, how she ended up on the ward and what her plan was. Communication is a key skill in nursing and it is an essential part in building the patient-nurse relationship. The nurse has to gain lots of information from the patient so it is important to know whether there is a communication barrier, such as a hearing problem or if the patient cannot read or speak the same language. They may need to speak more loudly or slowly so the patient can lip-read (Holland et al 2008). McCabe and Timmins, (2006) states that communication should be focused on the patient, rather than task centred. Listening, empathy and support are essential communication skills in nursing, but the main being to develop a relationship with the patient, and nurses should make time to spend with them. Ethels daughter stayed during the assessment process to help the nurse gain accurate information and communicate effectively with Ethel. The nurse had to speak slowly so she understood, and if she looked confused the nurse would reassure her and repeat the question. This process took a long time but it was necessary so Ethel could gain trust in the nurse. This made her feel more relaxed and comfortable as she could feel the warmth that had developed between them. This assignment has shown how a nurse has an important role in assessing, planning and the implementation of patient care. It has shown that nurses have to obtain data by using a various number of different sources, from assessment tools to observing patients behaviour. The nurse must also use a nursing model to help complete full and accurate assessments of patients and their needs. If there is a communication barrier, nurses must be able to overcome it by using an interpreter or picture cards. The needs identified during the assessment process have to be implemented and care plans introduced. Nurses then have a responsibility to keep regularly updating the care plans by re-assessing the patient on a regular basis.

Effectiveness Of Cost Sharing Mechanisms Health And Social Care Essay

The cost of health care has become an progressively outstanding issue in recent old ages. In the United States every bit good as in many European states, wellness related costs have risen significantly and have progressively constituted a larger proportion of GDP.[ 1 ]The rapid addition in health care costs has threatened to force healthcare systems in certain states to the fiscal threshold. Citizens in states with privatized systems like the United States ‘ have seen their premiums rise at rates higher than rising prices with many people going unable to afford even basic wellness insurance. In states with cosmopolitan wellness attention, costs have besides risen with much of the load being passed on to occupants in the signifier of higher revenue enhancements.[ 2 ]The recent health care argument in the United States underscores the importance of this issue. Although there was dissension as to how the job of unaffordable health care should be solved, there was a general consens us that something had to be done to lower wellness attention costs. The demand to drastically cut down health care costs and increase efficiency has led to much research and argument. Many inefficiencies exist within the system but for the intents of this paper, the chief focal point will be on over use of wellness attention services and more specifically ambulatory attention. Regardless of the type of insurance, the presence of the 3rd party remunerator has the possible to bring on over use of wellness attention services. If patients are non straight exposed to the costs of their ingestion, there is considerable inducement for them to take advantage of the system and to devour at a higher rate than they would hold otherwise. This extra ingestion is the consequence of a general phenomenon called moral jeopardy. Moral jeopardy exists when one party ‘s insularity from hazard causes it to act in mode that is inconsistent with how it would hold behaved had it been exposed to that hazard.[ 3 ]In order to battle extra ingestion and fringy use of ambu latory services, the mechanism of cost sharing through copayments is frequently used. Copayments are either a level fee or per centum of entire monetary value which the user must pay upon ingestion of services. The principle behind copayments is as follows: insurance users are by and large desensitized to the cost of their services because they incur no disbursals at the point of ingestion. This desensitisation leads to an extra ingestion of services. By doing the user wage a part of the cost at the point of ingestion, one forces the user to go sensitive to the costs of his/her ingestion therefore cut downing his/her leaning to demand and consume unneeded services.[ 4 ]The usage of copayments is rather important because by cut downing the over use of ambulatory attention, one efficaciously reduces the load born by taxpayers and premium remunerators. Cost sharing through copayments has proven effectual at cut downing over use in many cases but is its effectivity the same in all systems? Furthermore, do the economic demographics of the user population have any consequence on the efficaciousness of user payments in cut downing the use of ambulatory attention? A expression at the effects of copayments in the Medicaid system in the U.S. versus in the German Universal Healthcare system will supply great penetration into this issue. Overview of Systemic Differences Both health care and wellness insurance in the United States are provided chiefly by the private sector. The cost of health care constitutes a important part of national and single income with the United States taking the universe in money spent per individual on health care. Although the United States spends a considerable proportion of its income on health care, approximately 11 per centum of its citizens remain uninsured with an estimated 21 per centum holding less than equal coverage. The logical thinking of those who remain uninsured varies from circumstance to circumstance. Some people choose non to inscribe in an insurance program because they do non experience like they have considerable wellness hazards and experience that their income could be put to better usage. Others, who have fallen victim to fiscal strain, merely do non hold the resources to afford equal insurance or any insurance at all. The people in the latter class frequently have incomes that are merely above the threshold that would measure up them for governmental assistance, but for those who live below what has been established as the poorness line, assorted plans exist to help with wellness insurance.[ 5 ] One of the primary plans which the U.S. uses to supply wellness insurance to the hapless is the Medicaid system. Medicaid was founded in 1965 under the Social Security Act. The Medicaid plan is jointly funded by the federal and province authoritiess. Each province names its ain Medicaid plan and has the duty of puting its eligibility guidelines while the Center for Medicare and Medicaid services sets general parametric quantities with respects to support and service bringing. Poverty is seen as the chief requirement for Medicaid eligibility, but low income entirely does non measure up an person for Medicaid coverage. In fact, a considerable part of hapless person in the United States do non measure up for Medicaid. In order to measure up for Medicaid, an single must fall into either one of the Mandatory Medicaid eligibility groups or into what is defined as a flatly destitute group. The people who fall into these classs range from Supplementary Security Income receivers to medically destitute individuals with inordinate medical costs. For the intents of this paper the most of import thing to maintain in head is that the bulk of Medicaid users fall below the poorness line.[ 6 ] The universalized German health care system contrasts greatly with the privatized American system. 88 per centum of Germans are covered under their Statutory Health Insurance Plan with the other 12 per centum choosing for the private sector. The national health care program is compulsory for all salaried employees, and merely a few select groups have the option of buying premium private insurance. Premiums are set by Germany ‘s Public Ministry of Health to degrees that are determined to be economically feasible. Premiums do non take into history the wellness position of persons but alternatively are based on a per centum of wage. Because the cosmopolitan system covers the bulk of German citizens, the demographics of its users differ greatly from those of the Medicaid system. More specifically, the mean income of the typical German user is significantly higher than that of the norm Medicaid user.[ 7 ]Comparison of Two Natural ExperimentsIn order to compare the comparative effect ivity of copayments in the two systems, this paper will see informations from two natural experiments. One survey by Helms, Newhouse, and Phelps entitled â€Å" Copayments and the Demand for Healthcare: The California Medicaid Experience, † examines the consequence of the debut of copayments on Medicaid users in California. The other survey entitled â€Å" Copayments in the German Healthcare System: Does it Work? , † examines the effects of the debut of a 10 Euro copayment for the first physician visit of each one-fourth in Germany. Because of lifting wellness attention outgos, in 2004, the German authorities introduced a copayment for all those covered by Statutory Health Insurance. Those covered by private insurance programs where exempted from the copayment and therefore within the model of this experiment service as a natural control. The copayment was 10 Euros and was to be paid upon the first physicians visit of each one-fourth. Certain groups were to be exempted including those with chronic conditions and patients with well low incomes. The information collected in the survey covers 2000-2003 and 2005-2006 – the periods before and after the intercession. Harmonizing to the Data collected in the Study, the figure of doctors visits for non exempt SHI members dropped from 2.75 in 2003 to 2.5 in 2004. That figure increased to 2.6 in 2005 before falling back to 2.5 in 2006. Interestingly PHI members followed a similar tendency during this period with mean visits falling from 2.25 in 2003 to 2 in 2004 so lifting back up to 2.5 in 2005 before falling back to 2 in 2006.[ 8 ]The fluctuation in these Numberss suggests that while the copayment may hold had an initial consequence, it did small to cut down use of ambulatory services in the long term. A similar natural experiment took topographic point in California in 1972. In order to cut down use of ambulatory services, Medicaid patients were asked to pay a little out of pocket fee for certain out of infirmary services. A group of patients was exempted to function as a control. Data was collected for six quarters from July 1971 to December 1972. The sample includes 400,662 persons from the San Francisco, Tulare, and Ventura Counties. The demographics of the sample differed greatly from the general population with 100 per centum the participants being low income persons. From January 1, 1972 to the terminal of the experiment, the Californian authorities imposed a copayment of 26 per centum on the sample population. The copayment was $ 1 for the first 2 visits of each month with subsequent services being offered for free. In the copayment group, the mean figure of doctors visits per one-fourth decreased from.6772 before the imposed copayments to.6494 stand foring a 4.1 per centum lessening in use. For the control group the figure of visits dropped from.7316 to.7274. Using complex methodological analysis, the Numberss where adjusted to account for demographical and behavioural differences between the experimental and control group. After this accommodation, it was found that the existent consequence of the 1 dollar copayment was a important 8 per centum decrease in physicians visits.[ 9 ]DiscussionThe findings of these two experiments are important. While the debut of the copayment in the German system seemed to hold the initial consequence of cut downing use, in the long tally it proved futile. On the other manus cost sharing seemed to hold rather a important consequence in the Medicaid system in California. There are assorted grounds for this statistical disparity. One may be the differences in fringy public-service corporation that exist between the two populations. The Californian experiment monitored a public assistance population. Because all of the to pics were of low income the fringy public-service corporation of one dollar was rather high. Given this fact, it is rather likely that even a little sum of money played a important function in changing their behaviour. In contrast, the mean member of the German population was comparatively good off. The bulk had the agencies to take attention of life ‘s basic necessities. The fringy public-service corporation of their money was well less than those of the Medicaid users. This is likely why the infliction of copayments had really small permanent consequence on the use of ambulatory services. It is besides likely that other factors including assorted regional, societal, and cultural differences, may hold contributed to the disparity, but more research is required to asses the effects of these variables.DecisionGiven the consequences of the two experiments, it appears that the socioeconomic demographics of an insured population play a important function in the effectivity of user payments at cut downing over use of ambulatory services. Cost sharing mechanisms are rather effectual at cut downing over use in poorer populations, but loose their effectivity with more flush insured populations. While it is rather clear that a important relationship exists between the efficaciousness of cost sharing mechanisms and the income degree of insured populations more research is needed to find the full extent of this relationship.

Report in Delta Life Insurance Company

Executive Summary The development of a country depends up on the consolidate development of all infrastructures like-agricultural sector, industrial sector, financial sector, technological sector etc. But developing all these structures is not easy. A lot of troubles and threats always hinder and make difficulties to success. The most difficult problem is financial risk. So if it is feasible to provide financial protection then most of the structural development will be achievable with minimal efforts. And the most well known practical method for handling financial risk is insurance.Delta Life Insurance Company Limited was incorporated in November 10, 1986 and is mainly engaged in Ordinary Life (OL), Group Insurance (GI), Health Insurance (HI) business and non-traditional micro insurance business under the name of Gono-Grameen Bima (GN-GRB). The Company is a publicly traded Company and its shares are listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange. However, we have p repared this report on Delta Life Insurance Co. Ltd, which is one of the growing and prospective insurance companies in the insurance industry.The company is providing protection and financial security to the nation, whilst adding shareholders value thought customer service excellence. By the way of examining and evaluation the functions and performance of Delta Life Insurance Co. Ltd, we tried to illustrate a true scenario of insurance industry of Bangladesh. Our report topic is ? Overall Activities Delta Life Insurance Co. Lid?. So, to get an accurate realization about Delta Life Insurance Co. Ltd. Basically, we emphasize on underwriting process & claim settlement issues of Delta Life Insurance Company. 1. Introduction: 1. Origin: As we are the student of business administration we have been authorized by our guide teacher to prepare a report on the activities of Delta Life Insurance Company given to the customers and their underwriting process and claim settlement. 1. 2 Objective s of the report: 1. 2. 1: Broad Objectives: A broad objective is to find out the overall activities of Delta Life Insurance Company ltd and the procedure of underwriting processes and claim settlement issues 1. 2. 2: Specific Objectives: 1. To have a brief idea about insurance industry and their policy and procedures 2.To find out their services. 3. To find out the different products. 4. To find out the different types rates. 5. To find out the different types condition 1. 3 Scope: To find out the overall activities & accounts department of Delta Life Insurance Company ltd we have visited Motijheel Branch of Delta life insurance compny. 1. 4: Methodology: * Primary Data: Primary data was collected with the help of information given by M. Mosharaof Hossain, Assistant vice president, Delta life insurance company * Secondary Data: Secondary data was collected form the following sources: * Websites Books regarding insurance * Articles on insurance policies 1. 5: Limitations: In this sho rt time, we have tried to give our maximum effort to provide the information about the total activities of Delta Life Insurance Company ltd. Several drawbacks that appeared at the time of preparing the report and hindered the total work process are as under: Time limitation: The limitation of this study involved limited time frame that was available for completing such an in-depth report. Our semester consists of four month.Within this time most of the teachers give the assignment or report after mid term exam and we are required to prepare and submit assignment or report within this short time. As a result we had to divide time for preparing report for our courses. As a partial fulfillment of our course we also required to prepare this report within short time. So it was hard to complete tis assignment covering all important matters . Other limitations: * One of the main barriers of the report was the confidentiality of the data * Not able to collect information from the source. It was difficult to include all the information to prepare a proper report Company Background Name, Address, Established date & some words Delta Life Insurance Co. Ltd. established mainly through the initiative of a group of Bangladeshi professionals then working abroad along with a few enthusiastic local entrepreneurs, started its operation in December, 1986 after the Government of Bangladesh allowed the private sector to operate in the insurance sector in 1984 to carry on the business of insurance in the Private Sector. A brief explanation as to the growth of life insurance business in Bangladesh is in order here.Bangladesh declared independence from the Pakistani rules on March 26, 1971 following which she had to witness a bloody liberation struggle with the occupation forces lasting for 9 months before they were defeated. Insurance business which was exclusively carried on in private sector before independence was nationalized after liberation in 1972 primarily to address the emer ging situation of eroding public confidence in the industry that was left staggeringly short of resources in the face of huge losses caused by the war of liberation.After a series of experimentation, a state-owned body, namely Jiban Bima Corporation (JBC), established in May, 1973 for transacting the life insurance business, took over the assets and liabilities under life portfolios of all erstwhile private insurance companies and started business in its own name. However, things did not improve; rather, in many respects became more exacerbating and the Government then thought it better to allow private sector participation in insurance business.Since inception, Delta Life set before itself a high standard of all round performance coextensive with professional soundness and proficiency. It soon made a mark in the life insurance arena by not only being the leader among the private sector indigenous companies, but by undertaking and successfully implementing innovative and welfare ori ented life insurance schemes. It introduced an array of conventional life and group insurance products – many of which were the first in Bangladesh. For the first time, health insurance products were also introduced by Delta Life.But more importantly, in fulfilment of the avowed commitment towards social development, Delta Life for the first time not only in Bangladesh but probably in the World, devised and introduced micro-life insurance-cum-savings products specially suited to the needs and pockets of poor people of the country who constitute more than 80% of the people of Bangladesh Two projects of the company namely Grameen Bima for the rural people and Gono Bima for the poor and marginal savers of the urban areas were initiated to devote themslave exclusively to marketing and management of these innovative products.We are happy to report that we have achieved a good measure of success although there is a long way to go. These schemes that we have introduced have created great stir and enthusiasm among the general mass who, before these projects started functioning, could not even dream of owning a policy that provides the much needed life insurance coverage along with facility of regular savings on a long-term basis. At a later stage i. e. in the year 2002, the projects were merged into a division of Delta Life, namely, Gono Grameen Bima Division.The GNGRB Division has been growing at a first rate of more than 25% p. a. for the last couple of the years and is poised to maintain this growth rate at least in the next five years or so. Vision To be a market leader in providing integrated total security clients service, to be an innovative, profitable, customer friendly with a global focus. Mission: Create unmatched value for everyone through dependable, effective, transparent and profitable life insurance and pension plans.Objectives of Delta life Insurance company: To serve the humanity for its well being in the present and the world hereafter by pro viding financial and moral gains through utmost good faith, good conduct, mutual trust, sincerity, integrity and personalized services. Address of Main Branch: * Delta Life Insurance Co. Ltd * Gouse Pak Building (5th Floor) * 28/G/1, Toyebee Circuler Road * Motijheel C/A, Dhaka Ph: +88 02 9560407 Branches Branches /offices/service center/zone| Address |Dhaka Service Center| * Gouse Pak Building (5th Floor) * 28/G/1, Toyebee Circuler Road * Motijheel C/A, Dhaka * Ph: +88 02 9560407| Comilla Service Center| * Gani Bhuiyan Mansion (3rd Floor) * Monohorpur, Comilla * Ph: +88 081 68796| Rajshahi Service Center| * C & B More * Kajihata, Rajshahi * Ph: +88 0721 770693| Chittagong Service Center| * Ajmol Arcade (4th Floor) * 1806, Sheikh Mujib Road * Agrabad C/A, Chittagong * Ph: +88 031 713059| Barisal Service Center| * Ahsan Plaza (2nd Floor) * Bot Tola * Nobogram Road, Barisal * Ph: +88 0431 64306| Dhaka Metro ZOC| * Baitul Abed Tower (10th Floor) * 53, Purana Paltan * Dhaka * Ph: +88 02 9570324| Chittagong ZOC| * 119/120, Mirzapur * Muradpur, Chittagong * Ph: +88 031 656333| Barisal ZOC| * Shahida Villa (3rd Floor) * Bogra Road, Barisal * Ph: +88 0431 62943| There are so many branches existing in Bangladesh. We don’t want to include those. Board of Directors Chairman Mr. Monzurur Rahman Directors: * Mr. Aziz Ahmed * Mr. Kazi Fazlur Rahman * Mr. Borhanuddin Ahmed * Ms. Anika Rahman * Mrs. Adeeba Rahman * Mr. Zeyad Rahman * Mr. Md. Mujibur Rahman * Mr. Md. Abdul Wahab * Mr. Arif Ahmed * Mr. Md. Nurul Islam * Mr. Golam Sarwar * Mrs. Syeda Soyeli Ahmed * Ms. Saika Rahman 2. 1 Committees of the Board Audit Committee Chairman * Mr. Aziz AhmedMember * Mr. Borhanuddin Ahmed * Mr. Md. Mujibur Rahman * Mr. Zeyad Rahma ————————————————- Delta life Insurance Co. Ltd Organogram of Delta Life Insurance Company Ltd Chapter-02 Performance Analysis General Account s (Provisional and Unaudited) `(Amount In Crore Tk. ) General: Particulars| 2010| 2009| 2008| 2007| 2006| First Year Premium| 120. 51| 107. 40| 95. 32| 82. 30| 85. 40| Renewal Premium| 342. 91| 302. 83| 266. 79| 245. 00| 207. 60| Group Insurance Premium| 21. 28| 19. 94| 16. 17| 10. 60| 8. 32| Health Insurance Premium| 14. 42| 10. 68| 5. 22| 3. 29| 2. 66| Gross Premium| 499. 12| 440. 85| 383. 50| 341. 9| 303. 44| Growth over Previous Year| 13. 22 %| 14. 95 %| 12. 40 %| 12. 44 %| 17. 84 %| Investment Income| 298. 95| 180. 99| 127. 99| 112. 00| 89. 66| Income from Other Sources| 5. 89| 4. 87| 4. 83| 2. 61| 1. 41| Management Expense Particulars| 2010| 2009| 2008| 2007| 2006| Commission Expense| 91. 16| 80. 36| 69. 35| 62. 67| 63. 67| Admin Expense| 68. 69| 62. 34| 56. 40| 50. 26| 44. 45| Management Expense (as % of gross premium)| 32. 03| 32. 37| 32. 79| 33. 10| 35. 63| Claims Particulars| 2010| 2009| 2008| 2007| 2006| Number of Claims| 149051| 156444| 214301| 151523| 59567| Amount of C laims| 223. 54| 204. 80| 243. 40| 175. 81| 89. 85| OthersParticulars| 2010| 2009| 2008| 2007| 2006| Assets| 2,180. 23| 1,755. 61| 1,473. 62| 1,325. 25| 1,129. 92| Life Fund| 2,034. 95| 1,619. 00| 1,347. 01| 1,206. 07| 1041. 44| Chapter-03 Number of policies 1. Ordinary Life Insurance 2. Gono Grameen Bima 3. Group Life Insurance 4. Health Insurance Chapter-04 Under – writing process & claim settlement process: 4. 1: Ordinary Life Insurance Delta Life offers a wide variety of ordinary life product/plans ranging from the most common endowment type to more modern and sophisticated plans like endowment with open term, pension plan with built in provision for increasing pension, increasing protection with provision for premium refund etc.The plans have been designed keeping in view the diverse and multifaceted needs of the insuring public belonging to different strata of the society. Some of the popular plans are briefly described below. 4. 1. 1: Endowment plan with and without pro fits: The most common and widely popular, this plan provides for a fixed sum at end of a particular term or at earlier death of the assured. The plan is available under both options i. e. with profit and without profit. This is a straightforward coverage allowing a person to plan his future needs for security and projected savings through means of insurance. eds for security and projected savings through means of insurance. 4. 1. 2: One-two-three endowment plan with profitsThis plan provides for high security at earlier death of the assured before expiry of term (10 & 20 years) or the sum assured at expiry of the term. The plan provides for double the sum assured at premature death due to illness or treble the sum assured if death occurs directly as the result of an accident along with accrued bonuses till death or maturity as the case may be. 4. 1. 3: Installment payment plans with or without profit: a) Three payments plan Given for terms like 12, 15, 18, 21 years with or without p rofits this plan provides for one fourth of the sum assured upon expiry of each one third of the term and on death at anytime within the term the full sum assured – payment of one or all the installments notwithstanding.In case of survival to the end of the term remaining portion of the sum assured along with profits is paid after deducting the installments already paid. b) Bi-annual payment plan is given for 10, 15 & 20 years' term and provides for payment of a portion of sum assured bi-annually after expiry of the 4th year of the policy, if the policyholder is then living. The amount of installment and when payable is shown in the table below: Policy Term| Amount of Installment| When Payable| Sum Assured Payable on Maturity| 10 Years| 20%| Upon expiry of 4th, 6th, 8th years| 40%| 15 Years| 15%| Upon expiry of 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th 12th years| 25%| 20 Years| 10%| Upon expiry of 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 12th, 14th, 16th ; 18th years| 25%|Notwithstanding the payment of any number of installments, the policyholder remains covered for full risk and on death occurring before maturity, full sum assured is payable. * The higher numbered table refers to without profit premium rates. 4. 1. 4: Premium back term Insurance Plan without Profits These are comparatively low cost plans. These plans provide for payment of sum assured in case of premature death within the term or refund of all premiums paid at end of term. Under Table-59(A), sum assured keeps on increasing at 8% p. a. on each successive policy anniversary and such increased sum is paid at death during the term. On survival up to the end of term, all premium paid during the term is paid.Under Table-65(A) a guaranteed profit equal to 10% of sum assured is paid along with full premium at end of term as survival benefit. On death before maturity, the sum assured is payable. 4. 1. 5: Pension Plan (Table-72A, 72D) without profits. Under plan pensions are provided at quarterly intervals from an age designated by the policyholder for life, guaranteed for a minimum period of 10 years i. e. if the pensioner dies anytime within 10 years his designated nominee will get pension for remaining term of 10 years. Before pension starts, if the assured policyholder dies, 10 times the annual pension is paid as a lump-sum to his nominee and the policy is terminated upon such payment.There is another plan that while providing for full protection against premature death as described above, provides for pension from a designated age as elected by the policyholder at an increasing rate i. e. pension will increase at 10% at intervals of two years. Payment of pension is guaranteed for at least ten years and thereafter as long as the pensioner lives. Both these pension plans provide for waiver of premium in case of permanent and total disability due to accident before commencement of pension. 4. 1. 6: Child Educational Protection Plan with Profits Multiple benefits in the form of scholarships, monthly annuities et c. in addition to sum assured are available under these plans.Under one plan sum assured or a part thereof is also payable to the policyholder in case the child dies prematurely. 4. 1. 7:. Tri-dimensional Policy Built-in benefits for payment of 50% sum assured immediately if critical illness is diagnosed. Premium and the sum assured will thereafter be halved and the policy continues. Under this plan, a spouse may also be covered for major disease benefits. 4. 1. 8: Moving Term Plan Policies under the plan are initially issued and is to be taken for a minimum term (6 to 10 years) as elected by policy holder. Any time within this minimum term if death occurs, full sum assured is payable. At the expiry of the minimum term, the policy may be surrendered for full refund of premiums paid.However, the policyholder need not terminate his policy at end of the minimum specified period. The policy will automatically continue till age 65 years of the policyholder unless he terminates it earlier . The survival benefit comprises of refund of all premiums paid along with bonuses. In case of premature death the nominee(s) is paid the sum assured plus all premiums paid till death, or all premiums paid with profit accrued till death whichever is greater. 4. 1. 9: Single Premium Multiple Security Plan It is a single Premium Policy offering multiple securities for five years term. It covers natural death, permanent and partial/total disability and seven major diseases.Premiums are based on the age of the proposer. This plan perfectly suits the needs of the executive class. Policy Conditions * Surrender Value: After payment of two full years' premium, the policy acquires cash surrender value which is quoted on request unless stated in the policy itself. * Loan: At any time after a cash surrender value is available under the policy and while the policy is in force, the policyholder may obtain, subject to the company's existing rules, a loan on the policy up to 90% of the cash surren der value. * Age Proof: Age of life assured as declared while applying for the policy has to be authenticated with an age proof document acceptable to the company.The company reserves the right to require proof of age of the life assured before paying any claim under the policy if not admitted earlier. * Settlement Option:Payee may elect to receive the proceeds of the policy in installments instead of in a single sum, in such a manner as may be agreed upon with the company. * Suicide: Should the life assured commit suicide, whether the assured be then sane or insane, within two years from the commencement date or from reinstatement of the policy, then the liability of the company shall be limited to the refund of all premiums paid under the policy less indebtedness, if any, at the time of such death. Bonus: Delta Life pays attractive bonuses to its with-profit policies.The present rate of policy bonuses are as following: a) A compound reversionary bonus @ 5% of paid up sum assured. This bonus is not paid on the installments withdrawn (under Table-03, 04) from the date of such withdrawal. b) A simple reversionary bonus ranging from Tk. 10 to Tk. 15 per thousand sum assured per year depending on term. c) A terminal bonus equal to 10% to 12% of sum assured at maturity of policy depending on terms if the policy would have been in force for at least 2/3rd of its term. Average Rate of Bonus On the basis of the three types of bonuses the Company now pays to its with profit policies, the average bonus earned by a Tk. ,00,000 sum assured endowment policy (except Table No. 03, 04) per thousand sum assured per year shall be as following: Term of Policy| Total Bonus at Maturity| Average Rate per Thousand per S. A. year| 10 Years| Tk. 52,000. 00| Tk. 52. 00| 15 Years| Tk. 81,000. 00| Tk. 54. 00| 20 Years| Tk. 1,15000. 00| Tk. 58. 00| | | | | | | | | | | | | 4. 2: Gono Grameen Bima Delta Life first launched Micro-insurance product in 1988 through its Grameen Bima Project(GR B) to cater to the necessity of economic protection against premature death and of disability as well as providing a way for regular savings for the poor and low income group of people living in villages.Later it started another project in 1994, namely, Gono Bima(GNB) for the urban poor and the low income class. These projects are now merged under the name of Gono-Grameen Bima Project(GN-GRB). The initial problems apart, the project started to yield impressive results right from the beginning by creating great interest among the target population who could not even perceive an institutional arrangement through which the ever present problems of insecurity of life could be addressed. To suit the needs and pockets of the target people, and for efficient management of these portfolios, some of the age-old traditional concepts of carrying on life insurance business had to be diluted and in some cases replaced by simple and straightforward practices.Yet, the results are so encouraging th at Delta Life is now regarded far and wide as the undisputed leader espousing the cause of welfare of teeming millions and its experiences are now used to advantage not only by indigenous companies but also other micro-savings organizations abroad. 4. 2. 1: Target Group and the Product In GN-GRB the formalities are minimum. Insurance Cover is given under Group Insurance concept. A person interested in a policy submits a simple two-page proposal form; it is signed or thumb imprinted by him or her. There is no need for medical check-up. The person needs to be between 18 and 45 years of age, have a monthly income of Tk. 5,000. 00 (US $100. 00) or less, be of good health and supply a Declaration of Good Health (DGH) at the time of submitting the Proposal form.Death through pregnancy complications within the first year of the policy and death through suicide in the first year of the policy are not covered under an â€Å"exclusion clause†. Simple endowment with profit policies are offered for 10 and 15 years term both with premium payment mode being weekly or monthly. Premium rate is the same irrespective of age at entry. Besides this plan, new plans like three-payment plan with 12 and 15 years term and double protection endowment plan have recently been introduced. 4. 2. 2: Policy Documents Upon acceptance of the proposal, a pass book is issued to the policyholder detailing all terms and conditions of the policy.The pass book serves as the purpose of recording of all payments made by him towards the policy. There is one group policy document for the policyholders of each Thana or Block. For individual policyholders the passbook serves as policy document. 4. 2. 3: Micro Investment (Loan) GN-GRB gives small project loans to its policyholders on a group liability basis. No collateral is required. There is 20% service charge on the loans, which is calculated at a flat rate and added to the principal amount. The loan, together with the service charge, is repayabl e in 12 equal monthly installments. The repayments are collected from door to door by the organizers. Recently a decision has been taken to establish small collection booths in the villages.A person must be a policyholder and pay premiums for atleast one year before being eligible for a loan. The maximum loan given is Tk. 5,000. 00 (US $100. 00) per policyholder. The loans are for income generating activities (IGA) only. Policyholders form a committee of 5 to 7 members. 3 policyholders selected by the committee are given the first loan. After recovery of 3 installments from each of the first three borrowers, the next 3 are given their loans and so on. As a general rule, 60% of the premium income of an area and 40% of the repaid loan of an area are available for loan in that area. Also 100% of premium collection of a committee is available for loan to that committee. 4. 3: Group Life Insurance Group Life InsuranceGroup Insurance is an instrument for providing life insurance coverage (protection) to a number of individuals under a single contract (policy) who are associated together for a common interest other than insurance. It is the most cost effective means to provide immediate financial support to an insured member and/or his family in case of devastating events like-death, disability, disease as well as retirement. Group Insurance has already established its importance as a component of â€Å"Employee Benefit Package† in Bangladesh. Exclusive features of Group Insurance are: * Insurance coverage to a number of individuals under a single contract * Simple insurable conditions * Easy administrative procedure * Prompt claim settlement Affordable premium * Tax exemption on premium Delta Life offers a host of Group-Life Insurance schemes from which an organization/ employer may choose for benefits of its members/employees, as may best serve their interest according to organizational setup. To be treated as a group, the following criteria need to be fulfi lled. * A â€Å"Group† Should comprise of at least 15 members * It should be a legitimately organized body Group clients of Delta Life Insurance Company Limited include: * Semi-Government organization, autonomous bodies * Private, Non-Government Organizations (NGO's) * Educational & Financial Institutions * Public Limited Companies Associations, Business organizations etc. Group Life Insurance Schemes offered by Delta Life are of two types: * Traditional Schemes: For insurance coverage of members/employees of a Group * Exclusive Schemes: For insurance coverage of clients of Financial Institutions 4. 3. 1: Traditional Scheme: These are the commonly offered â€Å"Group-Life Insurance† schemes and are also known as Basic Schemes: These are: Short Term Contract * Group Term Life Insurance Scheme (GT) * Group Term Life with Premium Refund Scheme (GTR) Long Term Contract * Group Endowment Life Insurance Scheme (GEN) * Group Pension Scheme (GP) There are several variants of B asic Schemes.Examples of two variants of GTR are * GTR-100/10: Group Term Life with 100% Premium Refund after 10 years * GTR-50/10 : Group Term Life with 50% Premium Refund after 10 years Salient features of the Basic Schemes: Group Term Life (GT) * Insurance coverage worldwide round the clock * Contract, Initially for three years and is Renewable * Simple Claim procedure * Prompt claim settlement upon death of an insured * Option to alter sum assured at any time * Exclusion & Inclusion of members under coverage at any time * Premium Rate- comparatively lowest among the basic schemes * Option for supplementary covers to enhance benefit * Profit Sharing options for large groups Group Term Life Insurance with Premium Refund (GTR) Insurance coverage worldwide round the clock * Contract, initially for ten/fifteen years * Simple Claim procedure * Prompt claim settlement upon death of an insured * Exclusion & Inclusion of members under coverage at any time * Reasonable Premium Rate, but h igher than GT Scheme * Refund of basic premium (full/partial) on completion of term or retirement * Payment of Surrender Value in case of Policy discontinuation & exclusion * Conversion Privilege to take Individual Life Insurance Policy in lieu * Option for supplementary covers to enhance benefit Group Endowment Life Insurance (GEN) * Insurance coverage worldwide round the clock Continuous Contract, unless terminated by either party * Simple Claim procedure * Prompt claim settlement upon death of an insured * Exclusion & Inclusion of members under coverage at any time * Premium rate-age dependant and variable * Payment of sum assured as per contract on retirement * Payment of Surrender Value in case of discontinuation * Conversion Privilege to take Individual Life Insurance Policy in lieu * Option for supplementary covers to enhance benefit Group Pension Scheme * Provides for quarterly/yearly pension based on last salary * Continuous Contract, unless terminated by either party * Sco pe for taking â€Å"Death in Service† benefit Scope of taking â€Å"Joint life last survivor pension† benefit * Scope for life pension with/without guaranteed payment period * Exclusion & Inclusion of members under coverage at any time * Premium rate- age dependant and variable * Payment of Surrender Value in case of discontinuation * Option for supplementary covers to enhance benefit | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Features&Benefits| Basic Schemes| | Group Term Life (GT)| Group Term Life with Premium Refund (GTR)| Group Endowment Scheme(GEN)| Age Limit for   Insurance Coverage| 18 years to 60 Years| 18 years to 60 Years| 18 yrs. to the age of  retirement (max. 60 yrs)| Duration of   Contract| 3 years in each spell| 10 years or 15 years in each spell| Continuous Contract, if not terminated| Scope for Inclusion & Exclusion| Yes| Yes| Yes|Scope for Inclusion& Exclusion| Yes| Yes| Yes| Scope for  Alteration of Sum Assured| Yes| Yes| Yes| Premium Rate| Single & Fixed (irrespective of age Low}| Single & Fixed (irrespective of age)| Variable; age dependant  premium rate| Benefits:| Death (payment of  Insured amount on death)| Yes| Yes| Yes| Maturity Benefit| None| None| Payment of Sum Assured as  per contract during retirement| Premium Refund| None| Refund of Premium as per contract on retirement or completion of term. Payment of surrender value in case of non completion of term| None| Profit Share| Provided to large groups only| None| None| On Payment of Additional Premium 1.Accidental Death Benefit (ADB) 2. Permanent Total Disability (PTD) 3. Permanent Partial Disability (PPT) 4. Dismemberment Benefit (DB) 5. Major Disease Benefit (MDB)| All or any one of those may be taken except DB which is offered only with ADB| All or any one of those may be taken except DB which is offered only with ADB| All or any one of those may be taken except DB which is offered only with ADB| | | | | S upplementary Covers: To provide insurance protection against few devastating conditions other than death, and to enhance insurance benefit in case of sudden accidental death, several Supplementary Covers are offered along with basic schemes.Supplementary covers include: * Accidental Death Benefit (ADB): Provides for double sum assured in case of accidental death. * Permanent and Total Disability Benefit (PTD): Provides for full sum assured on happening of defined risks. * Permanent & Partial Disability Benefit (PPD): Provides for certain percentage of the sum assured as per schedule on happening of the defined risks. * Dismemberment Benefit (DB): Provides for a certain percentage of Sum Assured as per schedule on happening of the defined risks. It is only offered with ADB. * Major Disease Benefit (MDB): Provides for 25% or 50% of S. A. upon diagnosis of a few specific life threatening diseases 4. 3. Exclusive Schemes: These are schemes, especially designed for financial institutions , in order to secure their investment and adorn the product to make it attractive to customers as well as to protect interest of the client. Few examples are: * Home Loan Insurance: e. g; Scheme for â€Å"Home Loan Borrowers† of Delta Brac Housing * Depositor's Insurance: e. g; Scheme for â€Å"Smart Plant† Depositors of Dhaka Bank Ltd Premium: For traditional schemes: Premiums are usually payable annually in advance before commencement of insurance. For exclusive schemes: A single premium is payable for the whole period of coverage before commencement of insurance. *Details about the schemes are provided with â€Å"Insurance Proposal† How to get a Group Life Insurance Proposal? For Proposal: fill in the Proposal Request Form and send it to us at our contract address For Quotation: fill in the â€Å"Proposal Request Form† and send it to us at our contract address accompanied by the list of members to be insured with following details | | | | | |    Sl#| Name| Designation| Date of Birth| Sum Assured| | | | | | |   |   |   | *If sum assured depends on salary, mention salary and desired multiple to determine Sum Assured Claims are settled to the concerned organization. 4. 4: Health Insurance Health Insurance Health Insurance is now considered indispensable in developed countries.In the present financial-social perspective of Bangladesh as well, Health Insurance has now become an essential, dependable, acceptable and the most cost effective means to make the modern treatment facilities affordable to all socio-economic classes of people, especially the fixed income group. As a pioneer of Health Insurance in Bangladesh, Delta Life Insurance Company offers several Health Insurance Schemes, which are as follows: 4. 4. 1: Hospitalization (In-patient) treatment coverage plans * Hospitalization Insurance Plan (Group)- offered to Members of a group and their dependants (if desired) * Hospitalization Insurance Plan (Individual) – offered to an Individual as well as his or her dependant family members also known as â€Å"DeltaCare Hospitalization Plan†. 4. 4. : Out-patient treatment coverage plans * Out-patient Insurance Plan – Offered as an adjunct to Group Hospitalization * Out-patient Management Plan – Offered as an adjunct to Group Hospitalization 4. 4. 3: Overseas treatment coverage plan for travelers * Overseas Medicliam Policy (OMP) – A pre-requisite for visa application offered only to Individuals traveling abroad. 4. 4. 4: Hospitalization Insurance Plans * Covers in-patient (Hospitalization) treatment expenses of an insured member Expenses Covered under Hospitalization Insurance Plans * Hospital Accommodation * Consultation Fee * Medicine ; Accessories * Medical Investigations * Surgical Operation Ancillary Services like Blood Transfusion, Ambulance Service, Dressing etc. General Features of the Scheme * No need for preliminary Medical Examination during enrolment. * Treat ment coverage round the clock inclusive of Accidents and Emergencies. * Coverage offered to Bangladeshi National as well as resident foreigner. * Treatment at any renowned hospital or clinic by consultant of own choice. * Preferential service at Designated Hospital. * Direct payment of treatment expenses by the company at Designated Hospital. * Reimbursement of expenses for treatment at non-designated hospital. * Membership ID Card for each insured to facilitate preferential services. Option for Maternity Benefit and Overseas Treatment coverage. * Provision for inclusion of Spouse ; Children under the plan. * Provision for inclusion of new member under the plan. * Coverage up to 65 years under Group HI ; 60 years under Individual HI plan. * Two types of plans with several benefit grades to choose from. * Option to choose more than one grade according to status of the members of a group. * Option to alter benefit grade during renewal. Exclusion from Coverage: Major Exclusions include * Congenital infirmity * Pre-existing condition for certain period * Psychiatric disorders and narcotic addiction * Attempted suicide and self-inflicted injury * Dental Treatment Pre or post hospitalization expenses and out patient treatment expenses * War risk, civil commotion or violence * Routine health checkup * Treatment for family planning purpose, contraception and infertility 4. 4. 5: Group Hospitalization Insurance Plans Types of plan offered: Standard Plan: Distinctive Hospitalization Insurance Plan of Delta Life Customized Plan: Tailored to the need and desire of the client. Standard Plan: Five Grades of benefits are offered under standard plan to choose from Benefit per Hospitalization| Benefit Grades| Mastercare| Supercare| Deluxcare| Exclusivecare| Royalcare| Max. Benefit (Each Insured Per Year)| Tk. 25,000| Tk. 45,000| Tk. 5,000| Tk. 100,000| Tk. 140,000| Hospital Stay (Maximum days)| 10| 12| 15| 18| 20| Room Rent (Actual Expenditure upto a Maximum Amount Per Day)| T k. 500| Tk. 1,000| Tk. 1,500| Tk. 1,800| Tk. 2,000| Consultation Fee (Actual Fee upto a Maximum Amount Per Visit ; One Visit Daily)| Tk. 300| Tk. 500| Tk. 500| Tk. 500| Tk. 500| Routine Investigations (Actual Expenditure upto a Maximum Amount)| Tk. 1,000| Tk. 1,200| Tk. 1,400| Tk. 1,600| Tk. 2,000| Medicines ; Accessories (Actual Expenditure upto a Maximum Amount)| In Case of Surgical Treatment| Tk. 2,000| Tk. 4,000| Tk. 6,000| Tk. 8,000| Tk. 10,000| In Case of Conservative Treatment| Tk. ,000| Tk. 10,000| Tk. 12,500| Tk. 15,000| Tk. 18,000| Surgery (Actual Expenditure upto a Maximum Amount)| Major Intermediate| Tk. 12,000| Tk. 14,000| Tk. 16,000| Tk. 20,000| Tk. 22,000| Charges included for Surgeon, Assistant, Operation Theater ; Anaesthesia| Tk. 6,000| Tk. 8,000| Tk. 10,000| Tk. 12,000| Tk. 15,000| Ancillary Services (80% of Actual Expenditure upto a Maximum Amount)| Tk. 2,000| Tk. 5,000| Tk. 8,000| Tk. 10,000| Tk. 12,000| Premium (For each insured per year) based on Age Attained (in Years) Benefit Grades| Master care| Super care| Delux care| Exclusive care| Royal care| 18 to 35 Years| Employee| Tk. 600| Tk. 1,080| Tk. ,535| Tk. 1,920| Tk. 3,360| Spouse| Tk. 510| Tk. 920| Tk. 1,310| Tk. 1,630| Tk. 2,855| 35+ to 45 Years| Employee| Tk. 750| Tk. 1,350| Tk. 1,795| Tk. 2,160| Tk. 3,780| Spouse| Tk. 635| Tk. 1,145| Tk. 1,520| Tk. 1,835| Tk. 3,210| 45+ to 50 Years| Employee| Tk. 1,050| Tk. 1,890| Tk. 2,300| Tk. 2,640| Tk. 4,620| Spouse| Tk. 895| Tk. 1,605| Tk. 1,955| Tk. 2,245| Tk. 3,930| 50+ to 55 Years| Employee| Tk. 1,500| Tk. 2,700| Tk. 3,060| Tk. 3,360| Tk. 5,880| Spouse| Tk. 1,275| Tk. 2,295| Tk. 2,605| Tk. 2,855| Tk. 4,995| 55+ to 60 Years| Employee| Tk. 2,100| Tk. 3,780| Tk. 4,075| Tk. 4,320| Tk. 7,560| Spouse| Tk. 1,785| Tk. 3,215| Tk. 3,420| Tk. ,670| Tk. 6,425| 60+ to 65 Years| Employee| Tk. 3,150| Tk. 5,670| Tk. 6,113| Tk. 6,480| Tk. 11,340| Spouse| Tk. 2,678| Tk. 4,823| Tk. 5,130| Tk. 5,505| Tk. 9,683| Each Child (Below 25 Years)| Tk. 510| Tk. 920| Tk . 1,310| Tk. 1,630| Tk. 2,855| Maternity Benefit (Maximum Amount as per Benefit Schedule above) Benefit Grades| Mastercare| Supercare| Deluxcare| Exclusivecare| Royalcare| Normal Delivery| Tk. 5,000| Tk. 7,500| Tk. 10,000| Tk. 12,500| Tk. 15,000| Caesarian Delivery| Tk. 10,000| Tk. 15,000| Tk. 20,000| Tk. 25,000| Tk. 30,000| For Maternity Benefit, an Extra Premium @40% shall be charged on the Basic Premium of the beneficiary groupGroup Discount Schedule| Size of Group| Size of Group| Uo to 100| Uo to 100| 101 – 500| 101 – 500| 501 – 1000| 501 – 1000| 1001 – 2000| 1001 – 2000| 2001 ; Above| 2001 ; Above| No Claim Discount Schedule| No Claim Years| Discount on Renewal Premium| One Year| 10%| Two Consecutive Years| 20%| Three Consecutive Years| 30%| | | | | | | | | | | | | VAT if imposed by government, shall have to be paid by the organization concerned. N. B. For large groups a â€Å"fixed premium rate† irrespective of the age is offere d upon recieving the list of members to be insured. Customized Plan Benefit Schedule ; Premium Rate * Benefits desired has to be provided by the client A â€Å"fixed premium rate† irrespective of age is offered on receipt of the list of members to be insured. How to get a Group Hospitalization Insurance Proposal? * For Proposal: Fill in the â€Å"Proposal Request Form† and send it to our contact address.. * For Quatation: Fill in the â€Å"Proposal Request Form† and send it to our contact address accompanied by the list of members to be insured with following details. Sl#| Name| Date of Birth| *Status| Benefit Grade| | | | | | *Status means rank of an employee or his relationship with dependant (spouse/children) Individual Hospitalization Insurance Plan * Bengali Leaflet * Proposal Form Overseas Mediclaim Policy (OMP)This is a distinctive Health Insurance Policy issued to travelers only. It is also a pre-requisite for Visa application of developed countries. The Policy is issued to Bangladeshi Nationals and Foreigners resident in Bangladesh Overseas Mediclaim Policy issued by Delta Life is universally accepted by all foreign Embassies and High Commissions in Bangladesh. Types of Policy * Plan A: For visiting any Country of the World (except USA ; Canada) * Plan B: For visiting all Countries of the World Coverage under both Plan A ; Plan B exceeds â‚ ¬30,000 EURO Key Features of the Policy * Age Limit : Policy issued to Individuals from the age of 6 months to 65 years. Nationality: Policy issued to Bangladeshi and Foreigner Resident in Bangladesh * Covered Expenses: Treatment expenses incurred for sudden and unexpected illness or accident while on tour abroad. * Maximum Benefit: * Plan A: US $50,000 (Fifty Thousand US Dollar) * Plan B: US $100,000 (One Hundred Thousand US Dollar) How to take out an â€Å"Overseas Mediclaim Policy† * Fill in a â€Å"Proposal Form†. * Attach photocopy of the first five pages of the passport * Enclose required amount of premium in cash as per â€Å"Premium Rate Chart†. Send those these to Health Insurance Department at the Head office of Delta Life *Physical presence or Photograph of proposer is not required. *it takes only about 30 minutes to get an Overseas Mediclaim Policy. â€Å"Proposal Form† is also available at Head Office and Agency Offices of Delta Life Insurance Co. Ltd. d